Curriculum Updates
We are constantly updating Echoes and Reflections so that it reflects the most accurate information available. These updates include, but are not limited to, revised facts and figures based on recent Holocaust research, changes to Web site addresses, and general corrections. When you acquired your copy of Echoes and Reflections will determine which, if any, of these updates apply to your version of the curriculum. We suggest checking each section below to see if there is anything that you need to update. Page numbers indicate where this information can be located. In some cases, reprints of the curriculum with revisions caused some page numbers to change; therefore, we have included all those pages where the material may appear.
- IntroductionIntroduction ( Hide This Section )
Page 18(20): Change Web site address in NOTE at bottom of page to www.cs4online.org/holocaust/.
- Lesson One: Studying the HolocaustLesson One: Studying the Holocaust ( Hide This Section )
Page 47(49): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi
- Lesson Two: AntisemitismLesson Two: Antisemitism ( Hide This Section )
Page 83(85): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Three: Nazi GermanyLesson Three: Nazi Germany ( Hide This Section )
Page 93(95): NOTE: For an additional activity using the “Pyramid of Hate,” go to www.usc.edu/vhi.
Page 97(99): Opening paragraph, sentence two: The new republic emerged following a revolution, resulting in the abdication of Wilhelm II in November 1918.
Page 97(99): Item B: Germany had to pay reparations to compensate the victorious powers.
Page 107(109): Opening paragraph, sentence three: Before the outbreak of the war, political and economic factors, as well as public opinion both inside and outside Germany influenced the evolution of Nazi anti-Jewish laws and measures.
Page 108(110): 1936: Hitler temporarily relaxed the antisemitic propaganda and other measures against Jews in order to avoid criticism by foreign visitors attending the summer Olympic Games in Berlin.
Page 108(110): 1938, bullet three: All Jews had to add the names “Israel” and “Sarah” to their identification papers, and passports were marked with the red letter J, for Jude (Jew).
Page 108(110): 1938, bullet five: Kristallnacht Pogrom (Night of Broken Glass): approximately 1,400 synagogues were burned and 7,000 stores owned by Jews and hundreds of homes were damaged and looted.
Page 109(111): Sentence two: This number represented approximately 30 percent of the total Jewish population.
Page 117(119): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Four: The GhettosLesson Four: The Ghettos ( Hide This Section )
Page 120(122): Bullet one, sentence two: The ghetto period is often referred to as the “bypass death,” for more than 80,000 Jews died in the Warsaw ghetto alone.
Page 133(135): Paragraph one, last sentence: Many thousands of Poles and Jews were murdered in the first months of the occupation.
Page 139(141): First paragraph, first sentence: Lodz is the second largest city in Poland, known for its textile industry.
Page 139(141): Second paragraph, second sentence: As early as May 1940, the ghetto was established, and 164,000 Jews were incarcerated in it.
Page 140(142): Last sentence on page: The writer of the diary, Zalman Loewenthal, and Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski all perished in Auschwitz.
Page 157(159): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Five: The “Final Solution”Lesson Five: The “Final Solution” ( Hide This Section )
Page 179(181): Introduction, sentence three: Historians note that on July 31, 1941, Hermann Goering, Hitler's second in command, sent an official order to Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the security branch of the SS, to authorize a “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.”
Page 193/4(195/6): Student Handout - The First Ones: replace with PDF.
Page 195(197): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Six: Jewish ResistanceLesson Six: Jewish Resistance ( Hide This Section )
Page 207(209): Instruction five, list of names: Marek Edelman
Page 217(219): Second testimony: From the words of Marek Edelman, a Warsaw ghetto fighter
Page 218(220): End Notes, entry two: Preceding God - An Interview with Marek Edelman of the Warsaw Ghetto Fighters.
Page 223(225): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Seven: Rescuers and Non-Jewish ResistanceLesson Seven: Rescuers and Non-Jewish Resistance ( Hide This Section )
Page 237(239): Paragraph five, last sentence: Among the most famous of these diplomats were Raoul Wallenberg, Chiune-Sempe Sugihara, and Sousa Mendes.
Page 245(247, 251): Student Handout - Yad Vashem Criteria: replace with PDF.
Page 249(251): Transparency Master - Righteous Among the Nations: replace with PDF.
Page 251(253): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Eight: Survivors and LiberatorsLesson Eight: Survivors and Liberators ( Hide This Section )
Page 281(283): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Nine: Perpetrators, Collaborators, and BystandersLesson Nine: Perpetrators, Collaborators, and Bystanders ( Hide This Section )
Page 303(305): Paragraph three, first sentence: After the German invasion of France in 1940, Marshal Philippe Petain signed a ceasefire with Germany.
Page 304(306): Paragraph four, sentence five: At Babi Yar near Kiev in Ukraine, close to 34,000 Jews were murdered by German Einsatzgruppen with the aid of Ukrainian killing squads in only two days.
Page 305(307): Heading for first section: The Nuremberg Trial, 1945/6
Page 306(308): Ernst Kaltenbrunner: Chief of Reich Main Security Office whose departments included the Gestapo, Sipo, and SD.
Page 307(309): Konstantin von Neurath
Page 307(309): Franz von Papen: German statesman and diplomat.
Page 327(329): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- Lesson Ten: The ChildrenLesson Ten: The Children ( Hide This Section )
Page 330(332): First sentence: The Nazi belief that they needed to murder babies and children was central to their racial ideology.
Page 338(340): Additional Strategies and Procedures #3: As a class, read and discuss current and past reports from The State of the World's Children on the UNICEF Web site www.unicef.org/sowc.
Page 353(355): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- AppendicesAppendices ( Hide This Section )
Page 369(371): Notes for Teachers: Materials published by the USC Shoah Foundation Institute are available at www.usc.edu/vhi.
- GlossaryGlossary ( Hide This Section )
There are no updates to this lesson at this time.
